Mathematical methods and special functions have long served as the backbone of modern theoretical physics and applied mathematics. These tools enable researchers to solve complex differential ...

Fractional order systems extend classical differential equation models by incorporating derivatives of non-integer order, thereby capturing memory effects and hereditary properties inherent in many ...

Abstract A new characterization of the exact minimax penalty function method is presented. The exactness of the penalization for the exact minimax penalty function method is analyzed in the context of ...